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The Special Organization (, ''Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa'') was an Ottoman imperial government special forces unit under the War Department and was allegedly used to suppress Arab separatism and Western imperialism under Ottoman Empire. Many members of this organization had also played special roles during the Armenian Genocide. The main aim of the Special Organization was to re-open the Ottoman parliament. The members of the organization also participated in the resistance against Italians in Libya. It was the progenitor of the National Security Service ((トルコ語:Milli Emniyet Hizmeti)) of the Republic of Turkey, which was itself the predecessor of the modern National Intelligence Organization ((トルコ語:Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı), MİT). == Activities (1913–1918) == The exact date of establishment is unclear or disputed. According to some researchers, the organization might have be established by Enver Pasha, who placed Süleyman Askeri in charge of the organization on 17 November 1913.〔 〕〔 It was founded on the recommendation of the British ambassador Stratford Canning and the first head of the organization was a foreigner, Civinis Efendi, who had been in the service of Catherine II of Russia. Enver Pasha assumed the primary role in the direction of the Special Organization and its center of administration moved to Erzurum shortly before massacres.〔Enver Paşa, Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa'nın yönetilip yönlendirilmesinde birinci derecede rol üstlenmişti., Recep Maraşlı, ''Ermeni Ulusal Demokratik Hareketi ve 1915 Soykırımı'', Pêrî Yayınları, 2008, ISBN 978-975-9010-68-3, (p. 252. ) 〕 Many members of this organization who had played particular roles in the Armenian Genocide also participated in the Turkish national movement.〔Taner Akçam, ''Türk Ulusal Kimliği ve Ermeni Sorunu'', İletişim Yayınları, 1992, ISBN 9789754702897 (p. 155. )〕 The Special Organization assisted by government and army officials, deported all Greek men of military age to labor brigades beginning in summer 1914 and lasting through 1916.〔Isabel V. Hull, ''Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany'', Cornell University Press, 2006, IBN 9780801472930, (p. 273. )〕 The first leader was Süleyman Askeri Bey. After his death, he was replaced by Ali Bey Başhampa on 14 April 1915, who held the post until the Armistice of Mudros.〔 During World War I Eşref Sencer Kuşçubası was allegedly the director of operations in Arabia, the Sinai, and North Africa. He was captured at Yemen in early 1917 by the British military and was a POW in Malta until 1920 and subsequently released in exchanged for British POW. Ahmet Efe says military archives have detailed information about the organization's personnel. He says Kuşçubası is not mentioned.〔 The last director, Hüsamettin Ertürk, later worked as an agent in Istanbul of the Ankara government following the Armistice. He also wrote a memoir called ''İki Devrin Perde Arkası'' (Behind the Scenes of Two Eras). This list includes allegedly notable members, according to an interview with its purported former leader Eşref Kuşçubaşı by U.S. INR officer Philip H. Stoddard:〔 Although the bulk of its 30,000 members were drawn from trained specialists such as doctors, engineers, and journalists, the organization also employed criminals denoted ''başıbozuk'', who had been released from prison in 1913 by amnesty.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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